Theories + Frameworks

 Boisot distinguishes information from data by emphasizing that information is what an observer will extract from data as a function of his or her expectations or prior knowledge. 

The Choo Sense-Making KM Model (1998) stresses sense making, knowledge creation and decision making.

 The ICAS (Intelligent Complex Adaptive Systems) theory sees organization as an adaptive, complex system. 

Also known as the Nonaka-Takeuchi model explains how tacit and explicit knowledge are converted into organizational knowledge.

 The von Krogh and Roos Model of Organizational Epistemology (1995) is the first model that clearly distinguishes between individual knowledge and social knowledge following an epistemological point of view regarding knowledge management. 

 Karl Wiig, proposed his KM model in 1993 with the claim that knowledge will be useful and valuable only if it is organized and synchronized. 

 Developed by Dave Snowden, is a decision-making model used to help leaders, managers, and individuals navigate complex situations by categorizing problems into five different domains.